The application scope of soy protein in meat products is becoming more and more extensive, because of its good nutritional value and functional properties.
Adding soy protein in meat products can not only improve the product yield, but also improve the taste of the product. Soy protein has good gel property and water retention. When heated over 60℃, the viscosity increases rapidly, when heated to 80-90℃, the gel structure will be smooth, so that soy protein entering into the tissue of meat can improve the taste and quality of meat greatly. Soybean protein has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties which can easily combine with water and saturated with oil, so it has good emulsifying feature. This processing characteristic is very important in the processing of meat products with high fat content, which can restrain the lost of fat to stabilize the product quality. Although soy protein plays an important role in meat processing, in order to control soy protein in meat products replacing of whole meat and prevent adulteration, many countries have restrictly addition of it to ensure the healthy development in meat process. In view of the fact that there is no effective method for the determination of soy protein in meat products, it is great significant to study the detection method of soy protein in meat products.
2 Advantages of applying soy protein in meat products
Meat is reagarded as the best source of protein, owing to its high nutritional value and good taste in western countries. In order to make full use of animal resources, meat processing enterprises not only use protein-rich lean meat, but also often use fat-rich chicken skins, fat and other low-value materials. For example, Bologna sausages, Frankfurt sausages, salami and other meat products have relatively high content of fat. For example, Frankfurt sausages has about 30% of the intestine fat content and raw pork intestine fat content of up to 50%. High fat additions make meat processing more difficult. For example, in the production of emulsified sausages with high fat content, it is easy to form the phenomenon of oil. In order to control the oiling phenomenon of sausages in the heating process, it is necessary to add emulsifiers or accessories with the function of water-preserving oil. Usually, meat products as a "emulsifier" is the meat protein, but once the amount of lean meat added is relatively small, fat content is large, the entire emulsification system will lose balance, some fat in the heating process will be isolated. This can be addressed by adding non-meat protein, thus soy protein the best option. In meat processing, there are several other important reasons for adding soy protein. Medical health experts believe that low-fat meat products are healthier, fatty meat products are more likely to cause high blood pressure and other related diseases. Low-fat meat products will become the future development trend of meat products. Developing low-fat meat products is not simply a reduction in fat addition, which also requires a comprehensive consideration of the taste of product. As fat plays an important role in juicy, tissue structure and other aspects of meat products, once reducing the amount of fat, the taste of meat products will be affected.Therefore, in the development of meat products, "fat substitute" is necessary, it can reduce the fat content of the product on the one hand, on the other hand it can ensure the taste of the product. By adding soy protein, not only can reduce the calories of the product, but also can preserve the flavor and taste of the product to the greatest extent. Wheat protein, egg white and soy protein are better fat substitutes, while soy protein is more popular because of its good processing properties. Another reason to add soy protein is that it's much cheaper than meat protein. Adding plant protein can greatly reduce the production cost of meat products. In the actual production, because of the high price of meat protein, in order to improve the cost performance of the product, the low price of soy protein is often the first choice of production enterprises. In addition, in economically backward areas, animal protein is very scarce, soy protein and other plant protein is the most important source of protein. Soybean protein is the most widely used plant protein. Its main advantages lie in: First, smaller peculiar smell; Second, the price is low; Thirdly, high nutritive value ( soybean protein is rich in essential amino acids, and its digestibility and absorption rate are high in human body ) Fourth, excellent processability (better hydration, gelation and emulsification); Fifth, the use of meat products can improve product appearance quality and palatability. Soy protein can be divided into soy protein concentrate, soy texture protein, soy protein isolate and so on according to their components. Each protein product has different functional properties, which are applied to different types of meat products according to different functional properties. For example, soy protein isolate and protein concentrate are mainly used in some emulsified sausages. Compared with soy protein concentrate, soy protein isolate is rich in raffinose and stachyose oligosaccharides, which can easily cause bloating. Tissue proteins are often used in meatballs and pies. In addition, soy protein isolate ( SPi) and soy protein concentrate ( SPc) are often used in some injection-type meat products to improve the hardness, slicing and yield of the products. Because soybean whole flour has strong beany smell and rough taste, Ruiqianjia soy protein isolate and protein concentrate are better than soy whole flour in food processing.
3 Requirements and problems of soy protein applying in meat products
Too muchh addition of soy protein can cause allergies in some groups of people, in order to prevent soy protein being used as pure whole meat in meat process, to prevent adulteration and ensure the healthy development of the meat industry, many countries have strictly restricted the addition amount of soy protein. Some countries have strictly restricted the amount of soy protein added to meat products. In the United States, for example, the amount of soy flour and soy concentrate protein in sausages can not exceed 3. 5%, the addition of soy protein isolate should not exceed 2%; Soy flour, soy protein concentrate and soy isolated protein in beef patties and meatballs should not be over 12%. In salami, many countries have strict restrictions on the amount of addition soy protein, Spain requires less than 1%; French food laws require less than 2 per cent.
The U.S. labeling requirements for soy protein in meat products are as follows:
When the soy protein addition is less than 1/13, it needs to be identified in the ingredients list; When the addition is close to 10%, it should not only be identified in the ingredients list, but also be commented next to the product name; When its content is more than 10%, soy protein is not only identified in the ingredients list, but also in the product attribute name.
Many countries have strict requirements for the addition of soy protein and the marking of meat products. But there is no effective way to detect soy protein. Because current testing of proteins is mainly determined by detecting nitrogen content, plant proteins and meat proteins are difficult to distinguish. In order to further regulate the use of soy protein in meat products, a method to detect plant protein content is needed. In the 1880s, many food scientists studied the detection of soy protein content in meat products. The enzyme-linked immunoassay method is recognized as a more authoritative test, but the standard of the soy protein added is required to use this method. In view of this, there is no effective way to carry out a simple and rapid test of soy protein in meat products. In order to regulate the use of soy protein in meat products, it is important to develop an effective test
4 Summary
Soy protein as a high-quality plant protein comparable to animal protein, containing the human body's 8 essential amino acids, with high nutritional value, meanwhile soy protein has excellent water & oil bonding and excellent gel characteristics, as well as cheap price and other advantages to make it widely used in meat processing. However, some enterprises use soy protein to increase water retention and thus cover up adulteration, in order to sub-charge, damage consumer rights and interests, which should be severely cracked down and controlled. At present, there is no effective detection method for soy protein in meat products, so it is urgent to develop a new test method for the rapid, convenient and accurate discrimination of meat adulteration.
Xinrui group – Shandong Kawah Oils Co., Ltd. Factory direct supply soy isolated protein.
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